The Most Important Fuel Of The World Is Energy Essay

The most important fuel in the world is energy. Energy is the capability to do work or the power which can make changes in matter. We can use it in different ways in everyday life such as transportation, entertainment, communication, personal comfort, agriculture and manufacturing. The world will come to a standstill without energy. The best thing about energy is it can neither be created nor be destroyed it just changes from one form of matter into another form.1 We can obtain energy in a useful form by a system called Energy Harnessing Network. In this complicated system we extract raw energy in the form of heat energy, light energy, solar energy etc and then transformed it into fuel for example coal, natural gas, petroleum and electrical energy then stored it and use when needed. The engineers did a lot of work on it and successfully did what was think impossible in the earlier time. They harnessed energy in many different forms such as hydropower, solar power, wind mills and nucl ear power etc. There are two main types of energy that is kinetic energy and potential energy. If the object is at rest then the energy it possess is called potential energy and if the object is in motion then it possess kinetic energy. A well-known scientist called Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, formulated another theory of movement (flow) in view of kinetic energy and potential energy, which placed space as relative, though Newton was altogether persuaded that space was outright. An imperativeShow MoreRelatedRenewable Fuels And The Energy Issue1583 Words   |  7 Pagesrenewable fuel produces the same level of energy as an equivalent amount of nonrenewable fuel would be beneficial to help save Earth’s natural resources and is a very relevant and important science project. The purpose of this project is to figure out which type of fuels is most efficient. In my science project, I will be burning various types of renewable fuels and non- renewable fuels and comparing the duration that they bur n and comparing the temperature that they burn. Finding the most effectiveRead MoreAdvantages Of Fossil Fuels998 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are fossil fuels? Fossil fuels are a type of gas that dominate the energy sources. Fossil fuels are one of the most used and they are starting to run out. They are mostly used due their low prices. They estimate that by the end of the 21st century fossil fuel nuclear What are fossil fuels? Fossil fuels are a type of gas that dominate the energy sources. Fossil fuels are one of the most used and they are starting to run out. They are mostly used due their low prices. They estimate that by theRead MoreRenewable Energy Is Important For Our Environment1610 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most important ecological changes needed not only in this country, but globally would be the transition from fossil fuels and coal to renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biofuels in an attempt to reduce carbon emissions, which in turn pollute the environment and contribute to adv erse climate change. Even though renewable energy is able to regenerate, does not mean that it has no ecological footprint or that renewable energy is completely sustainable for ourRead MoreGenerating Electricity1712 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Faraday discovered the fundamentals of generating electricity. His method, which is movement of a loop of wire between the poles of a magnet, is still used today. Without electricity, the world would be a different place to live in. Flow Diagram showing how electricity is produced using fossil fuels (GCSE Bitsesize) There are two types of electricity, static electricity and current electricity. On a large scale, static electricity causes lightning and on a smaller scale, gives you a shockRead MoreFossil Fuels And Its Effects On Our World1573 Words   |  7 PagesFossil fuels have been a big discussion in today’s world due to the pollution they have been causing on the earth. Fossil fuels have been creating energy for the world for so many years. Fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coals used every day by almost every American. We use it to travel, to keep us warm, to cook our food, and many other everyday activities, but we don’t know the harm it is doing to the world. Thanks to Media today we are starting to realize the damage fossil fuel is causingRead MoreBiomass Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagesclean and renewable sources of energy that increases the possibility of replacing the consumption of conventional energy fossil fuels. The objectives of this review report is to eva luate the processes how briquettes are produced from agricultural wastes/residues and To compare the intensity of greenhouse gas emission using briquettes of agricultural wastes/residues with other forms of energy sources especially fossil fuels. Thus agricultural residue biomass energy available for climate change mitigationRead MoreEssay about Renewable and Clean Energy1611 Words   |  7 Pagespollutions and fuel shortages are getting more and more serious through time, renewable and clean energy is increasingly the ideal solution to energy related problems we have to solve one way or another. Biofuel is currently one of the mainstream and highly supported solutions, an idea to make renewable fuel by living organisms such as fiber, corn, vegetable oil or sugarcane. Biofuels, unlike nonrenewable fossil fuels over extracted by people, contains the potential to tackle most of the problemsRead MoreThe Sources Of Fossil Fuels1429 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will discuss the thre e main fossil fuels which are oil, coal, and natural gas. This research shows how the fossil fuels are formed, where they could be found, and explain how they were formed over millions of years. This paper will show the numerous advantages of fossil fuels compared to the disadvantages and how they are hurting the Earth. Fossils fuels are critical to the function of everyday life. The world would be a different if fossil fuels and their uses were not to of use. Read MoreHow Long Can We Continue Using Fossil Fuels Without Detrimental1322 Words   |  6 PagesHow long can we continue using fossil fuels without detrimental effects? With every passing moment our planet is slowly becoming contaminated with the fossil fuels we use and the green house gases they emit. Not only do fossil fuels contaminate the planet we live in, but they also cannot be replenished and will run out eventually. We cannot reverse these effects, however i think there is one alternative energy source that scientists have been working on that can be incorporated to reduce the damageRead MoreBiomass As A Renewable Energy Resource907 Words   |  4 Pages3 Biomass as a renewable energy resource Biomass can be considered as a renewable energy resource, although burning biomass releases carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere similar to burning fossil fuel (Liu H. 2011). There is a significant difference in CO2 release between burning a fossil fuel and burning biomass. Burning a fossil fuel releases CO2 that has been locked up for millions of years in the ground, affecting the natural CO2 cycle and resulting in an increase in the CO2 concentration in

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The Law of Agency to a Given Fact Situation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1938 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Apply the law of agency to a given fact situation LEVEL:5 Element 1 Define agency Performance criteria The definition establishes the relationship between principal, agent, and third party in terms of the type of agency. Universal agency: are agencies that has got unrestricted authority and are appointed by the general power of attorney, and are allowed to perform all acts of responsibilities. Special agency: are agencies that have special agents for special functions and/or purpose. Element 2 Apply the law relating to creation and termination of agency. Performance criteria 2.1 The criteria established in case law, which determine whether an agency is created, are applied to a given fact situation. Range one of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" express agreement, estoppel, ratification. Tom and Peter are both classic car lovers. Tom is a builder and Peter is a mechanic. Tom decides to buy a classical car as an investment so he asks Peter to visit a classical car auction that was to be held over the weekend. Peter sees a nice 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Volkswagen and registers his name as one of the bidders in order to participate in the auction. The car sells for $30,000, and Peter leaves the auction. The next day Peter goes to the auction and the car is still there. Peter offers the owner of the Volkswagen that he will take the car for $35,000 and the owner agrees. Peter knows that Tom will take the car. He calls up Tom and Tom ratifies the deal between th e owner of the car and Peter. (unit 11635, 2013) Answer According to the above situation Ratification is applied. The law relating to the creation of agency because in this situation initially Tom rectifies. This means that Tom has accepted the deal between Peter and the owner of the car when Peter buys the car for $35000. 2.2 The criteria established in case law, which determine whether an agency is terminated, are applied to a given fact situation. Keith, is a landlord who negotiated with his tenant through his agent, real estate for the renewal of the lease. Through his agent, real estate, Keith made a written offer to renew the lease on terms. The offer stated that the tenant had one month within which to accept the terms. Keith passes away few weeks after making the offer. The tenant and the agent real estate were not aware of Keith death. (unit 11635, 2013) Answer According to the contract, it will be terminated directly because the landlord Keith passe s away after few weeks of the renewal of the lease. It is an operation of law because Keith the landlord passes away after a few weeks after making the offer. The tenant signed a written acceptance of the terms. Element 3 Apply the law relating to authority of agents. Performance criteria 3.1 The law, which determines whether the principal or agent is bound in contract through the agents actions, is applied to a given fact situation. Range one of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" express, apparent or customary authority. Jerry, a professional baseball player, asks Taz to be his sports agent and Taz accepts. Jerry tells Taz that he can review the contracts offered to Jerry from the various MLB baseball teams. Taz has the express authority to review contracts. Taz then hires his own secretary to direct phone calls and deal with some of the paperwork involved with the contracts. Jerry did not give Taz the express authority to hire the secretary and help Taz. (unit 11635, 2013) Answer According to the law of agency, delegation is not allowed. Taz as being appointed to act as an agent for Jerry had no authority to assign his secretary to deal with phone calls and paperwork of Jerry. In this given situation Taz was authorised to do all the paper work for Jerry and not to delegate his responsibilities and duties to his secretary. This is related to the personnel act the agent (Taz). Element 4 Apply the law as to the rights of third parties. Performance criteria 4.1 The law relating to the rights of the third party, where the principal is unnamed is applied to a given fact situation. Tanisha decided to acquire a swimming pool at the back of her house in Papakura. She called Paloma and paid NZ$ 5,000 00 as partial payment and agreed to be refunded if the project could not be completed in one month period. After two months, the construction of the pool was only on its first stage. Tanisha sued Paloma to get his partial payments. Paloma claimed that she is only acting as agent of Abc Construction and that she is not personally liable to it. (unit 11635, 2013) Answer In this given case there had been a mutual agreement between Paloma and Tanisha. Both Tanisha and Paloma agreed that if the project is not completed within the agreed time, the money will be refunded. 4.2 The law relating to the rights of the third party, where the agent is undisclosed, is applied to a given fact situation. Kelly Co authorized Robert, a jeweler, to buy 5 cuts of diamond on a joint account for himself and for them at a certain price. Robert, on his own behalf and without authority of anybody else, promised Durant to buy the diamond at a higher price which made Durant to wait. The intention that he was acting for Kelly Co. as well as himself was not disclosed by Robert to Durant. Robert cancelled the transaction to Durant and Kelly Co offer Durant to buy the diamond at a lower price Durant , subsequently discover ed that Robert is working with Kelly Co. Durant sue Robert for not disclosing his relationship with Kelly Co. Answer According to law of agency, Durant has the full right to sue Robert and Kelly because of the disclosure of information. 4.3 The rules relating to the rights of the third party, where the agent is unauthorised or has exceeded authority, are applied to a given fact situation. Brent, the principal, is movie actor in New Zealand TV series . He accepted movie projects through his talent scout or agent, Denise. All the talent fees of Brent were collected by Denise and deposited to Brent account as agreed by the two parties. One day when Denise got the talent fee of Brent amounting to NZ$ 100,000 from one of his major projects, Denise decided to give half of the amount to the charity which was supported by Brent long before. Her decision was done without the knowledge of Brent. (unit 11635, 2013) Answer From the given case, Denise action m ay be considered as unauthorised. This is because Brent did not give authority to Densie to donate money to the charity that had been supported by Brent long before. Element 5 Apply the law relating to the duties of a principal and an agent to each other, and the remedies for breach of duty. Performance criteria 5.1 The law relating to the duties of an agent is applied to a given fact situation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Law of Agency to a Given Fact Situation" essay for you Create order Ritchie, the secretary of Manurewa Rugby Team agrees, without reward, to purchase sets of playing gear for the team from a local manufacturer. He receives discounts for the purchases, but conceals this fact from the team and charges it in full price, putting in his pockets the difference. (unit 11635, 2013) Answer According to the above case, it is a breach of duty of care and law because Ritchie purchases the gear in given discount, but discloses this fact from the team members and charges the team in full price and puts in his pocket the difference. Kamal, the principal, owns a superette near the bus station in Albany. He wanted to go back to his hometown and stayed there for good. He called Aroha, a real estate agent, and made an agreement to sell his properties only for NZ$200,000 to NZ$250,00 because he needs to left the New Zealand as soon as possible Answer Under the law of agency, the agent (Aroha) was not suppose to disclose the confidential information to the buyer, as it might enable the buyer to get the superette in a much lower price. 5.2 The law relating to the duties of a principal is applied to a given fact situation. Range one of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to pay commission, to indemnify. Dan, a famous basketball player left his team due to professional jealousy among team members. He was introduced by his former team mate to Jimmy Mcguire, a sports talent scout. The agreement between Dan and Jerry was made, that Jerry will find a team for Dan. After a month, Dan played in Heat Lakers and enjoyed his salary. Jerry asked for his commission but Dan denied and claimed that he knew personally the coach of the team which made him part of it. Answer According to the above situation the agreement was made between Dan and Jerry was that Jerry would find a team for Dan. After a month, Dan played in Heat Lakers and enjoyed his salary. Under the law of agency Dan had to pay commission to Jerry as per their agreement, but Den denied and claimed that he knew personally the coach of the team which made him part of it. 5.3 The remedies for breach of principalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s duties are applied to a given fact situation. Range one of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" pay commission, indemnify, termination of contract. NDB 502 class of Cambridge Academy secured the help of Auckland City Travel to scout for different small businesses operating in Wellington as part of their benchmarking activities. The travel agency started the work and contacted personally business owners in Wellington and arranged the schedule of the visit. They also had ocular visits to all the places where Cambridge Academy students chose to ensure success of the activity. They completed the work in three weeks times. When they called Cambridge Academy for the schedule of the trip, to their dismay, they were informed that they will not push through the activity due to financial problem. The agency insisted Cambridge Academy to pay the expenses and damages they incurred for their work but the Academy claimed that they will not pay because the activity was not pushed through. Answer There had been a breach of contract between Auckland City Travel and Cambridge Academy, Auckland City Travel had the right to sue Cambridge Academy because Cambridge Academy reserved the Auckland City Travel for organising the trip for the students. The agency after arranging everything, Cambridge Academy cancelled the trip due to financial problem. The agency insisted to the Academy to pay for the expenses and damages for the work done, but the Academy claimed that they will not pay because the activity was not pushed through. Cambridge Academy has to cover the expenses for the agency for the financial loss that they went to arrange for the trip. 5.4 The remedies for breach o f agents duties are applied to a given fact situation. Paula got a job through employment agency. Part of their agreement is to have Paula undergo drug test as part of company policy. For a year it was religiously followed by Paula, but the for the next year Paula did not submit his drug test result and discovered that he is using illegal drugs. The Employment agency dismisses Paulaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contract with them. (unit 11635, 2013) According to the above situation, the employment agency can legally cancel Paulaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agreement between them. As part of the agreement Paula had to undergo drug test every year. For the first year Paula completes his drug test but the following year he fails to undergo the drug test. It was later discovered that he was using illegal drugs. Reference ianz. (2013). apply the law of agency to given fact situation. auckland: ianz. unit 11635. (2013). apply the law of agency to given fact situation. auckland: ia nz. 1

Managing And Designing Value Chain Networks - 1575 Words

FOR OFFICE USE ONLY SCRIPT NO. LATE DAYS Leeds University Business School Assessed Coursework Coversheet For use with individual assessed work 2 0 0 9 8 0 9 8 1 Student Identification Number: Module Code: LUBS 5242 M Module Title: Managing and Designing Value Chain Networks Module Leader: Dr. Nicky Shaw Declared Word Count: 1499 Introduction The value chain theory was initially developed by Michael Porter (1985) to describe a chain of value-adding activities/functions within an organisation that perform distinctively from competitors to achieve competitive advantage. However, several researchers posit that disaggregation of functions could also be implemented to an inter-firm system (e,g., Christopher, 2005;†¦show more content†¦- Direct sales to customers Dell has a distinct distribution strategy that disintermediating any middlemen as finished goods are delivered directly from plants to end customers by third-party logistics partners (figure 1) Figure 1. Direct distribution model of Dell vs Indirect (Source: Manataki 2007 p. 11) - Full visibility and partnerships with suppliers Utilisation of internet and integrated real-time system is essential for Dell to communicate directly with customers and examine their purchasing behaviour. Dell implemented ERP system to align sales, production, and supply that linked directly to suppliers (Lawton and Michaels, 2001). This allows just-in-time strategy for suppliers to the production line of Dell. Figure 2 explained that there are numerous suppliers in computer industry which must be carefully maintained. Figure 2 Typical Value Chain Network of Computer Industry (Source: Kothandaraman and Wilson 2001 p. 386) - Focused manufacturing Dell is the pioneer of the adoption of postponed manufacturing in electronic industry where margins are tight and demand fluctuates. Dell’s value chain network is able to delay product customisation until closer to the time the

Globalization Positive Effects Free Essays

University American College Skopje School of Business Administration Final paper Spring Semester 2011 International Management Globalisation Instructor:Student: Professor Dimitrios E. Akrivoulis Vlatko Bogoevski ID: 9243 Skopje, April, 2011 Table of content: Globalization Impact of the globalization Positive effects of the globalization †¢ Increased Competition †¢ Employment †¢ Investment and Capital Flows †¢ Foreign Trade †¢ Spread of Technical Know-How †¢ Spread of Culture †¢ Spread of Education †¢ Legal and Ethical Effects Negative impact of the globalization †¢ Employment issues Safety and security concerns †¢ Environmental issues †¢ Other negative effects What is the influence of the globalization process in India Globalization effect to the Indian women What are the main players in the process of Globalizations †¢ Transnational Corporations †¢ Investors †¢ World Trade Organization †¢ World Bank and IMF †¢ U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization Positive Effects or any similar topic only for you Order Now Treasury Department †¢ NGO’s Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of Globalization. Specifically it will discuss the positive and negative effects of the Globalizations, and how it reflected to the Indian market. In addition, it will provide information of the main players in the globalization process and which organizations played the most important rule in setting up the international law and regulations. Summary: It is clear that globalization is something more than a purely economic phenomenon manifesting itself on a global scale. Based on my broader research of the topic of globalization and its effects, we may conclude that the process has had many positive and negative aspects. Some countries gained more benefits than others; some people lost their jobs while some of them get employment using the benefits of the globalization. Taking the positive side in the process, I believe that international organizations and governments have to support the phenomenon of globalization by implementing fair rules and regulations equal for all players and countries. International organization like WTO, World Bank, IMF have to foreseen the countries especially developing countries to change the criteria of attracting foreign companies in which the resources, safety and country stability will be the main criteria of attracting foreign capital, rather than exploitation labor force or neglecting the main safety and environmental standards. By creating a fair competition the trend of multi nationals companies will slow down and will provide room for development and maintain of small and medium companies. Strict law and regulations has to be foreseen from the international organizations to the governments and main players (multinational companies) in the process of globalization in which they will monitor the effects and take the right actions that will boost only the positive and beneficial aspects. Globalization People in the world are much more connected than ever before. Goods and services produced in Asia or Africa short after are available on the other continents in the world. Travelers moving in other countries more frequent. International communication based on last technology achievements, (the internet) make people to communicate in much easier way than ever before. Information, data, and money flow are trade all around the world quickly than ever. This phenomenon has been named as Globalization. In the modern world globalizations has been identified as system of communications and relations among the countries that will help to develop the global economy and people living standard. It mostly refers to the integration of trade and industry, political and cultural exchanges all over the world. [1] Joseph Stiglitz, an economist and winner of the Nobel Prize defines globalization as the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world †¦ brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and people across borders. [2] Impact of the globalization Some argue that globalization is a positive development as it will help to develop new industries and will create more jobs in developing countries, while other says that the globalization is negative. They believe that it may force poorer countries of the world to do whatever the big developed countries tell them to do. Another viewpoint is that developed countries, like USA, Canada, are the ones who may lose out because they are involved in outsourcing many of the manufacturing jobs that used to be done by their own citizens. Positive effects of the globalization: The positive effects are numerous and extremely beneficial for everyone in all countries. The following effects have been identified as the major benefits of the Globalization: Increased Competition It’s more than obvious if the market is bigger and more companies could offer the products at the same market and under same conditions the final consumers would feel the benefic in terms of financial and quality. Customer service approaches to production have led to improved quality of products and services. As the domestic companies have to fight out foreign competition, they are compelled to raise their standards and customer satisfaction levels in order to survive in the market. Employment Many companies like NIKE, Mercedes, ProcterGamble, have transferred the production into developing countries having the opportunity to use the benefits of it, like reducing the unemployment rate, higher government revenue expectation due to different taxes etc. However, the employment benefit of the globalization may have negative effect. Due to global nature of the businesses, people of developing countries can obtain employment opportunities, but the developed countries have lost jobs on account of this movement of jobs to the developing world. Investment and Capital Flows One of the most positive impacts of globalization in China is the flow of foreign capital. Many companies have directly invested in China by starting the production factories there. Chinese companies which have been performing well, both in China and abroad, will attract a lot of foreign investment, and pushes up the reserve of foreign exchange available in China. This is also one of the positive effects of globalization in US and other developed countries as developing countries give them a good investment proposition. Foreign Trade Foreign trade has had positive impact records in the history. Globalization process through different organization like World Trade Organization, IMF and others have been established with a view to control and regulate the trade activities of the countries. [3] Spread of Technical Know-How It is generally assumed that all the innovations happen in the developed countries. Due to globalization the know-how comes into developing countries that help them to use the benefits of it and speed up the developing process. Without globalization the knowledge of new inventions, medicines would remain in the countries that came up, and no one else would benefit. But due to improved political ties, there is a flow of information both ways. Spread of technical know how may be counted as one of the most positive aspect of the globalization. [4] Spread of Culture This effect of globalization has many positive impacts but also we may find it as reason of intolerance between different nationalities that leads to wars. Societies have become larger as they have welcomed people of other civilizations and backgrounds and created a whole new culture of their own. Cooking styles, languages and customs have spread all due to globalization. The same can be said about movies, musical styles and other art forms. They too have moved from one country to another, leaving an impression on a culture which has adopted them. Spread of Education One of the most powerful positive effects of globalization to the people is the spread of education. People from different continents may study abroad and gaining the positive experience may not find in their own country. A good example of that is how the American managers went to Japan to learn the best practices in the field of mass production and incorporated that knowledge in their own production units. Legal and Ethical Effects Gone are the days where the limited jurisdiction became a barrier in the prosecution of criminals. These days due to international courts of justice, these criminals can no longer seek protection in a foreign country. Due to globalization, there is also an understanding between the security agencies and the police of two or more different countries who will come together to curb  global terrorism. This is undoubtedly one of the greatest positive effects of globalization on society. [5] Negative impact of the globalization Globalization has the negative side as well. Opponents of the globalization point out to the following negative effects: Employment issues Many companies have transferred the manufacturing work in developing countries like China where the cost of the production goods are lower. That means fewer jobs for the people in developed countries. Programmers, accountant and others in developed countries lost their job due to outsourcing to cheaper location like Pakistan, India. Etc. In additional, globalization has led to exploitation of labor. P Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions while safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods. Job insecurity seems to be real problem of globalization. While in the past people had stable and permanent jobs, today they live in constant dread of losing their jobs to competition. Increased job competition has led to salary reduction and lower standards of living. Safety and security concerns Advanced technology does not mean that always will be used in a proper way, like to improve the people life or to benefit the global economy. Terrorists use the internet to communicate between themselves and also they have access to sophisticated weapons that increase their ability to inflict damages. This is undoubtedly the negative effects of the globalization. [6] Environmental issues Many companies in the developing countries have set up the industries causing pollution due to the poor environmental regulation. Other negative effects: †¢ Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the Internet. †¢ Enemy nations and organization can spread propaganda through the Internet. The domino effect in the Egypt and Libya come as the result of fast and easy channels of transferring information. †¢ Deadly diseases are being spread by travelers to the remotest corners of the globe. †¢ The increase in prices has reduced the government’s ability to sustain social welfare schemes in developed countries. †¢ Multinational companies and corporations which were previously restricted to commercial activities are increasingly influencing political decisions. [7] What is the influence of the globalization process in India India opened up the economy for foreign investors in the early nineties. The new government has implemented law, regulations, and globalization strategy that will be in favor of international businesses and radically pushed forward market oriented economy. The government of India made changes in its economic policy in 1991 by which it allowed direct foreign investments in the country. As a result of this, globalization of the Indian Industry took place on a major scale. Liberalization that was established in the 1990’s included the following major changes: Modifying of the industrial licensing regime, †¢ Reduction in the number of areas reserved for the public sector, †¢ Amendment of the monopolies and the restrictive trade practices, †¢ Start of the privatization programme, †¢ Reduction in tariff rates and change over to market determined exchange rates. [8] Over the years the liberalization of the Indian market become reality, more and more sectors opened up for foreign direct investments facilitating the entry of industries like steel, pharmaceutical, petroleum, chemical, textile, cement, retail and etc. One of the great changes, the sharply reduction of the tariffs rates contributed to speed up the process of foreign investment. â€Å"The Indian tariff rates reduced from average of 72. 5% in 1991-92 to 24. 6 in 1996-97. Though tariff rates went up slowly in the late nineties it touched 35. 1% in 2001-02. India is committed to reduced tariff rates. Peak tariff rates are to be reduced to be reduced to the minimum with a peak rate of 20%, in another 2 years most non-tariff barriers have been dismantled by March 2002, including almost all quantitative restrictions. [9] One of the major impacts of the globalization in Indian industry is that many international companies have decided to invest there particularly in the pharmaceutical, petroleum, and manufacturing industries. It helped Indian economy to develop significantly. Those investments has reduced the unemployment rate in country and brought highly advanced technology that helped to make the Indian Industry more technologically ad vanced. The various negative effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that it increased competition between the foreign and domestic companies. Goods produced by the foreign companies were cheaper and better to the one produced by the domestic companies. It reduced the profit of the domestic companies and many people lost the jobs. This happened mainly in the pharmaceutical, manufacturing, chemical, and steel industries. The negative effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that with the coming of technology the number of labor required decreased and this resulted with higher unemployment rate. [10] Globalization effect to the Indian women: Globalization has had negative implications for Indian women. According to estimates from World Development Indicators, â€Å"Women work two-thirds of the world’s working hours, produce half of the world’s food, but earn only ten percent of the world’s income, and own less than one percent of the world’s property. †[11] In India most of the women work two full time jobs. One in a factory where they are paid almost nothing, the  other is in home where they are paid nothing. One example of women’s labor being exploited would be the Noida Export Processing Zone, which is 24 km from  New Delhi. These â€Å"zones† prefer to hire women because they are more docile and more productive in men. In short they are easier to control and less likely to retaliate against less than ideal working conditions, which are exactly what thousands of women encounter 12 hours a day. The zone is dangerous, hot, and unsanitary. Unnecessary body searches are routine. There are no maternity benefits and minimum wage is never enforced. Women who become pregnant or marry are immediately fired. Overtime is compulsory but women are paid lower rates than men. In order to avoid being fired, women turn to unsafe abortions performed by unqualified â€Å"doctors. In the zone â€Å"respiratory problems, pelvic inflammatory disease, and sever cases of dehydration and anemia are common. †[12] What are the main players in the process of Globalizations Transnational Corporations: Large corporations (such as Nike, Hanes, Dole, Exxon, etc. ) that operate mostly in developing countries, are not regulated by any international body and because making a profit is their main responsibility, they often mov e factories in nations that offer the lowest wages, environmental standards, taxes, etc. with aim to maximize the profit and lower the production costs. Of the world’s primary economic financial powers (with the largest revenue), 49 are countries— and 51 are corporations. [13] Investors: Investment firms, banks, mutual funds and hedge funds, etc. , who â€Å"move† money around constantly, buying and selling internationally. World Trade Organization: â€Å"The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and international trade agreement which developed at the Bretton Woods Conference. This conference also created WTO the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The WTO develops and enforces trade rules for all member nations; for example it can decide that certain country’s environmental standards are unfair barriers to trade. World Bank and IMF: The World Bank and IMF make loans for development purposes (roads, power plants, etc. ) to developing countries to move people out of poverty and into self-sufficiency. When poor countries fall behind in loan payments (they cannot seek bankruptcy protection like corporations such as Enron can), the Bank makes additional loans that dictate the poor country’s economic system so it can pay back the growing interest. These structural adjustment policies (SAPs) have meant countries in Africa, for example, have had to cut back funding for health care, education, and social services. People in these counties must now grow food for export to pay off loans rather than for feeding their own people. U. S. Treasury Department: U. S. Treasury department controls 17% of the World Bank and IMF decision-making power by giving it a larger share of power than any other country in decisions. It also plays a dominant role in the WTO. Many of its decisions in these bodies are shaped by the U. S. Treasury Department which handles financial and currency matters for U. S. Government. NGO’s: Non-governmental organizations are a wide range of non-profit groups representing different communities and segments of civil society. Such groups are increasingly working together through growing networks to bring positive change and economic justice to people in poverty and without power. †[14] List of references: http://global_india1. tripod. com/negative. htm http://www. scribd. com/doc/49266417/Effects-of-Globalization-on-Indian-Industry http://www. buzzle. com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization. tml http://iecblogs. org/informational/globlisation-its-impact-on-india http://usforeignpolicy. about. com/od/trade/a/whatisgz. htm http://mindtools. net/GlobCourse/gdef. shtml http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Positive-Effects-of-Globalizationid=1126427 http://www. buzzle. com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization. html http://iecblogs. org/informational/globlisation-it s-impact-on-india Business Organisation And Management (For Delhi University B. Com Hons. Course http://www. scribd. com/doc/49266417/Effects-of-Globalization-on-Indian-Industry by Phillip Tomlinson; http://www. simulconference. om/clients/sowf/dispatches/dispatch22. html http://www. ramveena. com/p/ramveena-india-is-one-of-few-countries. html http://juan-globalization. blogspot. com/ http://members. iimetro. com. au/~hubbca/globalisation. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization http://riskreport. weforum. org/ Words: 2779 ———————– [1] http://usforeignpolicy. about. com/od/trade/a/whatisgz. htm [2] http://mindtools. net/GlobCourse/gdef. shtml [3] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization [4] http://members. iimetro. com. au/~hubbca/globalisation. htm [5] http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Positive-Effects-of-Globalizationid=1126427 [6] http://riskreport. weforum. org/ [7] http://www. buzzle. com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization. html [8] http://iecblogs. org/informational/globlisation-its-impact-on-india [9] Business Organisation And Management (For Delhi University B. Com Hons. Course [10] http://www. scribd. com/doc/49266417/Effects-of-Globalization-on-Indian-Industry [11] by Phillip Tomlinson; http://www. simulconference. com/clients/sowf/dispatches/dispatch22. html [12] http://www. ramveena. com/p/ramveena-india-is-one-of-few-countries. html [13] http://juan-globalization. blogspot. com/ [14] How to cite Globalization Positive Effects, Essay examples

The Process of Strategic Planning and Formulating Strategy @Apple

Questions: Prepare a report addressing the following tasks, answer all questions and relate your answers to Apple wherever possible:Task 1 The Process of Strategic Planning1.1. Explain the concept of strategy, vision, mission, goals, objectives and core competencies.1.2. Review the issues involved in strategic planning.1.3. Explain different planning techniques that organisations can useTask 2 Formulating Strategy2.1. Produce an internal organisational audit of Apple evaluating their strengths and weaknesses2.2. Carry out an industry analysis of Apple using Porters 5 Forces framework, and conduct and environmental analysis of its macro environment using PESTEL model, clearly identifying Opportunities and threats present in the external environment.2.3. Explain the significance/importance of stakeholder analysis.Task 3 Approaches to Strategy Evaluation and Selection3.1. Analyse possible alternative future strategies of Apple relating to substantive growth (horizontal and vertical integration, re lated and unrelated diversification), limited growth (do nothing, strategies described in Ansoffs Matrix market penetration, market development, product development) and retrenchment. 3.2. Select an appropriate strategy Apple can pursue for its future growth.Task 4 Strategy Implementation4.1. Compare the roles and responsibilities of the different levels of strategy in implementing the strategy adopted in 3.2. 4.2. Evaluate what resources will be required to implement Apples chosen strategy. 4.3. Discuss targets and timescales to monitor the successful achievement of the adopted strategy for Apple. Answers: Introduction Apple is a multinational company which is situated in America. Headquarter of Apple Inc. is in Cupertino, California. Apple Inc. manufactures and designs customer computer software and electronics products. This company is acknowledged for hardware products it comprises iPod media player, the iPhone, the Macintosh computers and Apple smartwatch. Software of Apple companies comprises of the media browser of iTunes, creativity software Mac OS X operating system, , the I Life suite of multimedia and the Work suite of productivity software, Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products as well as Logic Studio, a suite of audio tools. Apple Company is operated in more than 250 advertising stores in 9 nations and a virtual store where both software as well as software products are traded. This company is recognized since 1st April, 1976 in Cupertino, California and this is amalgamated on 3rd January, 1977. Since First 30 years, Apple Company was entitl ed as Apple Computer, Inc. but released the term "Computer" on 9th January, 2007 to replicate the corporation's ongoing development into the customer electronics marketplace in toting to its old-fashioned focus on private computers. It has around 35,000 employees globally and had global yearly trades of US$32.48 billion in its financial year termination on 29th September, 2008. Intended for reasons as numerous as its viewpoint of widespread aesthetic strategy to its unique advertising promotions, it has recognized a distinctive character in the industry of consumer electronics. It also comprises a consumer base i.e. enthusiastic to the corporation and its product and brand, mostly in the U.S. Fortune magazine entitled Apple the further most esteemed company in the U.S. in 2008 and in the nation in 2009. Task 1 1.1 Concept of Strategy: Strategy refers it is the route and scope of a business over the long-standing that accomplish benefits for the business through its design of wherewithal contained by a challenging surroundings, to meet the requirement of marketplace and to execute stakeholder expectations (Grunig, Kuhn and Kuhn, 2005);(McKean, 2009). Roles of strategy: There is lots of strategy under a business or an organization. Agenda for operational arrangement: It provides the agenda for plans through guiding operating assessment and frequently predefining them. If planning is develop cautiously and understood correctly by managers, they make available more reliable structure for operational arrangement. If the trustworthiness exists and functioned, there would be exploitation of managerial possessions in those parts where they get better use (Harding and Long, 2006). It explained these parts both in terminology of geographical as well as customers area (Boyle and Fleming, 2000). Transparency in direction of performance: Strategies mainly focus on route of performance by stating what performances are to be accepted for attaining organizational objectives. They formulate the managerial objectives more understandable and exact (Mooradian, Matzler and Ring, 2012). Enhance organizational effectiveness: It ensures organizational helpfulness in different ways. Effectiveness means that the business is capable to attain its goal within the known resources. As a result, it is not essential that assets are situating to the most excellent of their competence however they are set in a manner which makes certain their maximum involvement to organizational intentions. Persons satisfaction: They contribute towards business efficiency by providing pleasure to the workers of the business. Vision: it is denoted as dream. Vision summarizes what the association desires to be or else how vision needs the world or human race in which vision functions to be. Vision is a long-standing view and focus on the future opportunity. The vision statement of Apple is that the company believes that they are the face of the earth to make quality products with constant focus on innovation. They believe in simplicity and not complexity. They identify the need of owning and controlling the complexity in technologies behind their products, and take part in only those areas where the company can make a meaningful contribution. They believe in rejecting thousands of projects offered to focus only on some which is valuable for the company. They further believe in strong collaboration and cross pollination within their group, which would help them to innovate in a unique way. The company would not settle for any standard less than excellence within every group of the company and they would res ort to self-honesty admit if they have gone wrong and have the courage to correct it. These values are so rooted in the employees of Apple that they would perform extremely well regardless of who does what. Mission: It describes the original intention of an association or a venture, briefly describing why it stays lively and what mission does to attain is the vision. The mission statement of Apple includes the following: To produce products which are high in quality, low in costs and are easy to use and incorporates high level of technology. This high technology does is not meant to target non computer users. The company is devoted to delivering high degree of social responsibility in all their endeavors. The companies engaged with Apple in doing business must ensure working conditions which are safe, must treat all employees fairly, and use manufacturing process which is environment friendly to make Apples product. Goal: It gives a hint of where a corporation is headed. It is associated with the corporations vision mission and strategies. The goal of Apple Company includes the following: Increase the existing revenue of the company by meeting its new sales target. Increase in profitability of the business by reduction in product costs. Enhance customer satisfaction by increasing the customer service (like onsite customer visits, reduction in customers hold time. Support the larger community getting involved in charitable events. Foster a strong work culture for the employees. Build products that are remarkable and incredible. Objectives: It means organization have to achieve such target to build its strategy be successful. The CEO of Apple Inc, Steve Jobs, during the launch of iPad 2 made an outstanding statement which was that it is the DNA of Apple that just good technology is not sufficient, it is technology being married with generous arts which is married to humanities which it-turn yields a result that would make their hearts sing, and this is most true the post PC devices created by Apple. The objective that was embedded in this statement was merging of skills of engineers with those of artists, psychologist and musicians to make a graceful and well designed product. In brief, the objective of Apple is to create best product s and services within restricted timeframes, at reduced costs that would ensure great value to their customers and the shareholders. This objective is not just assigned to the company as a whole but to the individual employees of Apple as well. Core competencies: It is the collective acquaintance as well as technical capacities so as to allow a company to be ready for action in the market. The core competencies of Apple are its specific skills and capabilities that have been acquired over time. These are the software based innovative technology and designs which gives uniqueness to Apples product and builds competitive advantage for them over the competitors. 1.2. Issues involved in strategic planning Planning issues: An association can have problem or troubles with strategic arrangement procedure. They can have troubles facing an association that the considered planning procedure can facilitate the supervisor to recognize and address (Heath and Palenchar, 2009). Issues faced in strategic planning: Strategic planning faces confliction between the staff and the board. Sometimes it fails to coherent a value suggestion and presumes that everybody outside the business like it and appreciates its value (Kelly, Kelly and Kelly, 2006). Issues faces by an organization are that it focuses merely on program. They believe that the funds will somehow trail (Dawson, Larke and Mukoyama, 2006). 1.3 Different planning techniques BCG MATRIX: is a framework is shaped by Boston Consulting Group to discover the strategic point of company brand assortment and its prospective. This classifies big business assortment into 4 types which is based on the business growth. Relative Market Share: This is used to assess the business portfolio. If relative market share is high it means return in cash is high. Market Growth Rate: it means earning is high when market growth rate is high. It eats lots of hard cash. Four quadrants of BCG matrix explained as: Dog: it has low market share as well as low market growth rate. Investors of this stage are not worth spending in as they make small cash return (Spender, n.d.). The market share of Apple in the developed countries is high. The growth rate of the company in the market is high. In the developing nations, the market share of Apple is low. The market is captured by the large Asian companies like Samsung and other organizations. Cash Cow: In this stage the market growth rate is low but the relative market share is high. It consumes more cash and invests it into stars to provide support to them. It is known as cash generator. The growth rate of the market of Apple is high. The market share of the company is high but it has to get hold of the Asian market so that it can compete with the other large organizations. Star: it has high relative share as well as market growth rate. It is also known as cash users and generator as well. This applicable for Apple in the UK and the US market. However the high market share and high rate of growth of Apple is not applicable for Asian countries. The company has to revise its product and pricing strategies for the Asian market. Question Mark: they have low market share in growing market. They consume too much cash and incur lose (Strategic Planning Techniques and methods, 2015). Apple does not belong to this stage. It has already established itself in the market and has high market share in the UK and US market. Space: It is known as strategic position and action evaluation matrix. It is also used to evaluate the strategic planning (Differentiateyourbusiness.co.uk, 2015). There are four important issues which affect the internal and external issue: External: Internal Environmental Finacial strength Industry Attratctiveness Competitive advantage Financial strength is required to reimburse the environmental unsteadiness. The more complicated the future atmosphere is notion to be; the further vital it is have to well-built financials. Both competitive advantage and industry attractiveness are known for the substitute sources of superior profit. Task 2: Formulation of strategy 2.1. Internal audit of the Apple Strengths: Brand is the main strength of Apple. Product development: apple does not discover in the marketplace, though apple products position high values for the market. Design and efficacy: lustrous but not thick. Apple iPhone has hardly any buttons but it seems to be nice in hand. Products can be use easily, almost instinctive. Apple company is very clever and obtain advantages of individuals annoyance with other hardware Weakness: Prices are very high relative to other hardware. Apple CEO explained as an organized freak and difficult. When Steve jobs dies, Apple will take ruthless blow. When Steve jobs health was in the reports, his slyness smashed the companys reputation (Vank, Mikol and vkov, 2012). Market share is decreases because company are not friendly with shareholders. Flexibility in strategy is also the factor of weaknesses. 2.2. Opportunities and threats of apple Opportunities: There is growth in the market for Smartphone and tablet. Apple has strong mobile advertising market growth Apple has trustworthy customers base. It has increased away from the Mac-heads in the year 1990S with the iPhone to iPod. Apple TV new version also took advantages in todays extremely developed web. Apple will obtain the patents by acquisition from other company. Threats: Competition is the major threat for the Apple High-priced product would be the main threat for the Apple. Apple valued itself out of the individual computer promote this is the problem. Changes in technology rapidly are the main threat of the Apple. Samsung is also doing well in the market and capture the market so it would be the threat for the Apple. This company is shifting into Apple's Smartphone space via operating system. Apple has broadcasted that it will shifting into the TV space. There eare sound funded so any fight among them could be ugly and long. Pestel Model: It includes political analysis, economic analysis, social analysis, technological forces, economic and legal forces. Research and development section of Apple is accountable to examine the 4 forces and recommend action arrangement for the expectations. Political forces, government and legal forces: Some of the countries are developed and some are under developed. Each country has own rules and regulation, and tax rates. Apple properly sticks towards their rules if Apple wishes to do trade in individuals countries. If Apple will not stay with changing government performance, Apple will be in difficult situation to sell the products. And in brutal cases of Apple products might be banned. The political factors do not hinder the business of Apple. Apple has already established itself in the market. The Government policies favor the business policies of Apple. Thus the political climate is favorable for Apple. The tax regulations for Apple are similar for other companies in UK. Economic Factors: Each and every economic feature has a collision on the function of worldwide companies keen to do trade in a nation. It include present economic situation, deflation and inflation, rate of interest, level of unemployment, trend of stock exchange, credit terms etc. business of Apple exaggerated by these reasons negatively/positively. The economic factors are favorable for UK. UK is a developed country and it offers enough growth opportunities for business. The GDP of the country is stable and the inflation rate of the country is favorable for the business. The business opportunities in the country are favorable for growth and expansion of Apple in UK. Social Factor It includes preference of consumer, perception about the brands; income groups etc. social factors said that is relate d with the common living patterns in the country or economy. Its products are afraid, inhabitants everyone over the planet are well conscious of its image of brands. UK is a developed nation. The living pattern in the society is high. The purchasing power of the consumers in the country is high. This has resulted in the increase in sales of Apple in UK. The market share of the mobile phones is highest in UK. This is a result of the high purchasing power of the consumers of UK. This has resulted in the increase in market share of Apple in UK. Technological Forces: Technology can be outdated or archaic overnight. This product is the market leader of the innovative ideas. While, if ignore continuously to bring modern products, there place for the innovative product would be snatched by the market leader. UK is a developed country. The technology in the country is advanced and it is constantly upgrading itself. This has resulted in the growth of Apple in UK. It has been constantly upgrading itself with the growth in the technology. Environmental factor: The United Kingdom is a tough contestant in the formation of overall strategies, mainly with admiration to conformities dealing with the atmosphere, sustainable energy and emission reduction source. On the other hand, the UK is called as high level of air pollution. Employment rate also affect the Apple products in the market and in the economy. Money rates also influence the market and economy as well. Unemployment rates and sometimes currency exchange rates also affect the whole economy and when economy will affected by these factors gradually decrease the market force of Apple products. There is rising awareness in UK regarding the adverse environmental impact of the various effluents released from the industries. There are various measures that are taken to reduce the environmental impact. Apple is aware of the rising environmental impact and the adverse impact on the environment and this can be reduced by the various measures and policies to reduce the environmental degradation. Legal: Every country has own legal system, United kingdom legal system which is classified, apparent and competent, and labors are being exercised to compose the procedure in the magistrates simpler and additional well-organized and apparent. The governmental system favors an elevated level of liberty in business, first and foremost to enable shareholder trust and self-assurance. These are the effective enforcement of the commandment. Health and safety enforcement law is also important for the products factors. It has been a member in a variety of legal proceeding as well as claims since Apple began operation. It has been in a quantity of cases with cast list like Samsung, Nokia, HTC, etc. In the year 2009 Nokia Corporation sued Apple for Apples infringement of NOKIAs patents which is related to wireless technology. The legal policies are favorable for Apple. The legal policies in UK are favorable for the various business activities in UK. The legal policies in the country favor the technological development in the country. This has resulted in the business expansion of Apple and it is able to extend itself with the increase in market share. Michael Porters Five Forces analysis The Five Force Model states that there exists five essential forces which helps in the determination of the competitive power of a business. These are highlighted below. An analysis of the competitive position of Apple using the five force model has been done below. Supplier power: Here Apple needs to determine how easily its suppliers can drive up prices. If the product that they are supplying is unique and has no substitute then the suppliers are more powerful. More number of alternate suppliers can increase the power of Apple. Buyer power: If the numbers of buyers are many and the alternate options available to the then the buying power of the buyer increases. Apple has several buyers as well as several competitors. But its quality supercede that of its competitors, hence, this enhances the power of Apple in this area. Threat of substitution: if the customers are able to find cheaper substitutes for Apples products then it will be a big threat for Apple. Hence, it must always aim in creating unique products. Threat of new entry: if new companies can easily enter the market i.e., the threat of new entry is low, then it will reduce the power of Apple. However, this is not true for manufacturing of IT products. Competitive rivalry: Despite having many competitors, Apple has a quality standard which is better that its competitors; it implies that its power is high in this area (Bijapurkar, 2011). 2.3. Importance of stake holder analysis Definition of stakeholders Stakeholder Analysis is the method of identifying the important people associated with the business and find ways to win over them. A stakeholder planning is then done to build an appropriate plan to succeed. First of all the stakeholders of the business bust be identified, from within and outside the organization. After identifying them, they should be prioritized in the order of importance. Not every stakeholder is important to the business, some are definitely more important and others less. The important stakeholders are the ones who have more power and interest in the business and should always be kept satisfied. The business must always be in close contact with them and share important information. It is these stakeholders who have important influence of the end result of the business. So they can be of great help to the business whenever required (Blythe, 2006). Significance of the stakeholder analysis The opinions of the powerful stakeholders in the business will help the corporation to shape their plan of action at an early stage. Not only will the opinions support the business it can also help in improving the quality of the end product. Frequent communication with the stakeholders regarding the business will make them understand the business better and ensure their support whenever required. It will help business to identify what is expected from them and the process can be planned accordingly to meet the business expectation. Gaining stakeholders support will also will also help in procurement of more resources (Campbell, Edgar and Stonehouse, 2011). Task 3 3.1 Future strategies of Apple Substantive growth Strategies Many large companies frequently go for substantive growth strategies which can be implemented through mergers, acquisition or joint venture rather than going for growth which is organic. Franchising is also a mean of external growth but it only applicable to certain kinds of business. Substantive growth in involves purchasing or going for an arrangement with companies which are ahead or behind a business and would lead to adding value to its current business. Such an arrangement can also be done with a completely unrelated business. The primary objectives of companies behind such association are to increase and create new market share, to have more power in the industry with large size business increased profitability(Ferrell and Hartline, 2011). Vertical and Horizontal integration When a company merges with or acquires its major competitor, or a firm which is operating in the same level in the value adding chain, it is referred to as a horizontal integration. This will result in increase of market share, improved capabilities and skills that can create synergy. An example of such integration is the merger of National Provincial Bank and the Westminster Bank to create the National Westminster Bank. Apple Inc can go for horizontal mergers with several companies in different lines of its business. For instance, to increase its market share and power in the line of personal computers in can merge with Dell, in the line of smartphones it can integrate with Samsung (Haimowitz, 2011). Vertical integration takes place when a company acquires another company which is its supplier of inputs (such as raw materials) or which is a customer of the companys products and services (assembler or distributor). For instance, if a shirt manufacturing company acquires its supplier, a cotton textile firm, it is a backward vertical integration and if the cotton textile company acquire the shirt manufacturing company, then it is a forward vertical integration. Apple Inc can easily go for a backward vertical integration by acquiring its suppliers. Forward vertical integration is not much applicable for Apple Inc as it produces the end-products which are ultimately sold to the end users(Khachidze, 2012). Related and unrelated diversification Related diversification implies diversifying on your existing lines of business by merging with or acquiring companies who are in the same business or related business. The company mainly uses its strengths and competitive advantage to increase its size and market share. For example, the strategic alliance that took place between Nokia and 3com. On the other hand unrelated diversification is entering a completely new line of business. It is the most risky strategy amongst all level of market strategies. Example of an unrelated diversification is that of General Electric (GE) and NBC Television (Kotabe and Helsen, 2011). If Apple Inc, which has established its quality and existence in the eyes of the general public, goes for an unrelated diversification to a new line of business, it may get acceptance. However, it is a risky decision, but a related diversification would always work for Apple. Limited Growth: A business strategy adopted by firm should be one which brings the company success in terms of profitability and growth with reduced risks and costs. A substantive growth strategy may sometimes bring financial problems and challenges to the business. In such a scenario, a limited growth strategy can be a good option for the business to avoid the risks associated with substantial growth(Leshik and Cralle, 2011). Ansoff Matrix The marketing strategy alternatives that come under limited growth are market penetration, market development and product development. These marketing strategies can be analyzed and selected using an Ansoff Matrix. The Ansoff Matrix is a planning tool widely used in marketing which assists a business in selecting the appropriate growth strategy. The decision is made on the basis whether the companys product is new or existing. The four alternative marketing strategy of Ansoff are market penetration, market development, product development and product/market diversification. Three strategies amongst these which come under limited growth are: Market Penetration: the strategy involves being with the existing product and in the same market. The existing product can further be exploited by adopting new pricing and promotional strategies to attract more customers, coming up with new usage of the product. Product Development: it involves developing and modifying the existing product by changing the outlook of the product, increase product performance and quality, introduces new features to the product etc. The aim of such strategy is to make the product more attractive and appealing to its already existing market. Apple has to develop and modify its product so that it can compete with other large organizations like Samsung. It will be able to compete with the other firms in the industry. Market Development: this strategy involves selling existing products to new market. It can be done by doing market segmentation to venture into geographically new markets, new product packaging, new distribution channels and different pricing. Market development is much more risky strategy as compared to market penetration and product development(Pollack, 2011). Apple Inc can go for limited growth using both market penetration and product development. It can add new features in its existing products, improve product performance, creating a new outlook of products to target new customers in its existing market. Market development strategy would not be much applicable for Apple because it is already widespread geographically. Retrenchment This strategy is used by organizations to lessen their geographical diversity or reduce the size if the companys operation. It is adopted by companies to cut down on the unprofitable expenses to become more financially stable. Specifically, it involves discontinuation of one or more products, withdrawal from certain markets with the purpose of making a valuable turnaround (Ray, 2012). Turnaround It means moving back and retreating from an existing business or process. A turnaround is required when corporation consistently facing losses, negative cash flow, mismanagement, high employee turnover, decline in market share etc. Divestiture and Liquidation Divestment involves liquidation or sell of a major portion/division of the business, an SBU or a profit centre. It is adopted when a turnaround strategy has proved to be unsuccessful. The reasons for divestiture may be when the business is unable to integrate with the company, unable to compete with the successful competitors and when a better alternative is available. Liquidation strategy involves winding up of the entire firm and selling off its assets. This is the extreme and the last resort as it leads to unwanted consequences like the stigma of a failure with loss of employment and an end to the future opportunities. Since Apple is successfully running a profitable business with all its product lines, it does not require adopting any retrenchment strategies as the same is not applicable for successful business ventures (Pons-Vignon, 2011). 3.2. Justification of appropriate strategy of Apple to pursue future growth Amongst all the above growth strategies above, the ones applicable for Apple Inc are horizontal integration; backward vertical integration; related and unrelated diversification; market penetration; and product development. Limited growth strategies of market penetration and product development can always be taken up because of them being less risky and costly. The substantive growth strategy of backward vertical integration by acquiring one or more of Apples supplier firm would be most profitable for Apple, as compared to other growth strategies. The risk involved is also comparatively less as compared to other substantial strategies. Task 4: Implementation and Evaluation 4.1 Roles and responsibilities of different level of strategy Strategies are planned at different levels of the organization which are the corporate level, business level and the functional level. The corporate level strategy rests in the topmost level of management and requires decision-making related to goal of the firm, allocation and distribution of resources and co-ordination of strategies and performance of different SBUs. The corporate strategy is related to the overall value delivery of the firm and not to that of individual SBUs and functions. The business level strategy is applicable to the different strategic business units (SBUs) of the corporation. Different strategies are formulated for different SBUs depending on the customers, nature of market, competition, and marketing channels. Functional level strategy is concerned with tactical decision making pertaining single functional operations and activities. In order to implement the growth strategy of backward vertical integration, each level of management must be directed a common goal. Appropriate actions must be executed by each level towards achievement of the common goal. Some of the activities are: Strategic Direction: Keeping in view of the roles and responsibilities of different levels of Apple it can be said that the strategic direction that they have followed had been quiet successful for the business. The strategic direction operate level strategy, the local and the functional and business strategies are been put in a manner which would enable the people to have a good idea about their strategic applications. The internal aspect of the strategic direction at apple aims to build the team which shall be creating extraordinary products that would contain the best specifications in business. The quality, design, appeal and its utility are few to name among the many attributes that the internal module of strategy explains to the internal consumers. Thus the approach is to recruit the best that are willing to seek challenges and innovate. These are directed towards a future where the entire team is future technology development oriented. The Training and development as well as a free flowing communi cation channel shall help it the best to cope with future challenges (Edmonstone and Chisnell, 1993). A leadership to identify the future challenges along with people constantly engaged to evolve with new changes and market oriented inputs in product makes the strategic direction more objective oriented for the brand. The other aspect is to secure a market share in the global context where the brand would be creating a pseudo monopoly (Fenske, 1972). The top level management of Apple must set an ultimate target of sales and revenues at the time of acquiring a supplier firm. Each SBU must set its own strategy and targets in order to best utilize the available resources. Communication: Communication is the very vital tool for management which ensures that the flow of information both horizontally and vertically across the organization. The way person interacts with each other both horizontally and vertically. The use of social media, internal quality group discussion, generation of ideas and grievance management are few of the aspects that apple have introduced for their strategic operational use. The updated information of the acquisition and the set target must be communicated from the corporate level to the concerned Strategic Business Units heads of Apple. The SBU heads must then make their own strategies and expected plan of action and communicate it to the functional heads. Task sequencing and scheduling: The task scheduling and sequencing means the management must identify the tasks performed by each of the individual employee. Each employee have their own set skills which again have the ability to identify and involve the people with right skill sets and aspirations to have the best of productivity while ensure that the skilled people are satisfied with the job they perform. Nevertheless, the training and team coordination plays a role in it where the sequences of activities are designed to complement each other (Knorr, 1990). The scheduling is another time bound job execution where the task time and specifications are well defined to reduce the ambiguity in production line. This is a tool to increase the manpower efficiency. Taking into consideration the corporate and business level strategies, the functional heads must then formulate necessary work plan for different work processes. Objectives must be set for specific functions and there must be proper co-ordination between differ ent functional area to ensure that all the departments are on the same page and working towards attaining the overall objective. Flexible planning: The flexibility in planning can be justified by stating the contingency plans in case the delay or deviation in standard operating processes happens. The flexibility enables the people to exercise some degree of time and job experiments those are directed towards the development of the processes (Klimov, 2012). However, the future is unpredictable so the utility of the plans can only be tested once the plan shows some results those are efficient enough to aid the business to succeed in time while also give enough aid to the business in such unpredictable circumstances. Work plan must be formulated taking into consideration any expected hindrances. The plan must be flexible to easily adapt to changes as and when required. Balanced Organizational control: The balanced control is the tool to management and is meant to check upon the success and failure or deviation from the set targets. The control on exercises based upon set strategies and plans of development, where each individual is treated equal. However the balance needs to have a plan like policy framing and percolating the same among the employees. The deviation from it has to be rectified by establishing standard operations methods via supervision. This would be achieved when each level in the Apple Inc will have their own set of goals and managers which is ultimately linked towards the attainment to the common goal. Management of Organization portfolio: The management style of the Apple is a very open where the hierarch is linear in terms of behavioral expressions while the departmental heads are vested with responsibilities to bring in the desired changes wherever required. The portfolio ensures the flow of ideas and communication at all directions (Ma and Yang, 2013). Proper planning by each level would ensure effective utilization of resources. 4.2. Resources to implement Apple strategy Human Resource: The recruitment to induction needs to have a solid planning which is also to be measured by strict guidelines. Equal pay for similar positions, training to improve performance, performance oriented bonus, employee voice and aspiration studies are few to name. The human capital is the futuristic strategic tool that with its innovation and skill is to determine the best talents and give them the jobs that suites their profile. As Apple will be acquiring its supplier firm, it will have to hire resources that are skilled and experienced in the field of its supply part. It can also conduct a training program for its existing employees who can be taken into the new venture of Apple. Material: The best of raw material needed for production are to be got from the suppliers who too have ethical and controlled standardized practices which have reliability. The use of material also needs to cope with various environmental and geographical conditions so the material has to be arranged which is not only cost effective but also gives ample chance to the manufacturer to be confident of its use. The brand image of Apple is such that it cannot compromise on its material for a sustained image and quality output. As the supplier firm is being acquired so that Apple will not have to buy materials from outside, it will not have to invest further in materials. Technology and Finance: The technology is ever changing so the use of the latest gadgets and technology which are futuristic would give the brand an edge. The innovation centric production of Apple has to have those technological inputs while they also need to ensure that the finance is well utilized for cost effective production. Thus a through planning and insight into the futuristic technologies while arrange finance which is best allocated to see no spillage or mal expenditure occurs has to be incorporated (Lusensky, 2014). The technology of Apple Inc is already of a standard quality, new innovations must be incorporated to add on to its existing technology. This would require additional investment. Time: The time of such introduction of technology and its advanced product has to also keep time into the loop. The introduction of product in such a competitive global market is not only risky but is also liable to fail due to the launch period selection. Such launch and time bound technology addition makes the product greatly admired and thus the chance of gaining market share is also increased (Hindle, 1997). Apple will have to ensure a good time management because it will be adding a new process into its chain of activities however the time in delivering the end product must not be compromised. Benefits and Limitations of resources: The benefits are many of which price competency and limited resources use with efficient price from supplier, cost effective production and innovation are the benefits. The limitations come from the resources being mis-utilized or being identified wrongly. The edge due to right material and manpower and technology may fail if the utilization is not proper or the material used are not upto the standards of expectations. However the other limitation is the pricing since the growing Asian market is highly price sensitive and are prone to have local products which are cheaper with same usage qualities. Here the business needs to introspect (Budnikas, 2010). Own Opinion: In order to successfully implement the substantive growth strategy of backward vertical integration by acquiring one or more of Apples supplier firm would be most profitable for Apple, as compared to other growth strategies. Other activities that Apple should engage in are to venture out and take the models of gadget production from the South Korean markets. This has engulfed the electronic goods market without much ado. The use of superior Operating system and cost effective product have made the same very popular. Thus to have the Asian market share the brand have to follow the model and see where it may put its own innovations to create differences. 4.3. Important target and Time scales for monitoring successful achievement Given below is a Gantt chart which states the different categories of tasks required by Apple for successful incorporation and implementation of the proposed strategy. The time frame estimated is twelve months and the sequence and the time frame of each sub-tasks is given alongside. The below given chart will help Apple in sequencing and scheduling the new project. Project Component M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 Collection of available data sources and key information (on the available suppliers) Conduct a survey across different suppliers Analysis of the survey and selection of the best supplier Financial analysis of the proposed acquisition Implementation of the acquisition Hiring relavant staff for the new project (new hiring or existing employees) Training and development program for new project Preperation of the list and sequence of activities involved Implementation of the new process Process evaluation Impact valuation Outcome evaluation Given below is the budget allocation chart which assigns each task to the estimated budget. However, this is just the budget of implementation and evaluation of the project. The cost of acquisition i.e. the price at which Apple Inc is acquiring the supplier firm will be the major portion of the budget. Apart, from acquisition costs, other expenses associated with it are given below. Departments Tasks Amount () Marketing Collection of available data sources and key information (on the available suppliers) 0.25M Conduct a survey across different suppliers Analysis of the survey and selection of the best supplier Finance Financial analysis of the proposed acquisition 1M Implementation of the acquisition Human resources Hiring relavant staff for the new project (new hiring or existing employees) 1.5M Training and development program for new project Business Units and Functional heads Preperation of the list and sequence of activities involved 0.30 Implementation of the new process SBU heads Process evaluation 0.15 Impact valuation Outcome evaluation The above targets and timescales will not only help Apple in implementing the new acquisition project, it will also help in constant monitoring of the different tasks and sub tasks. The gantt chart above can be updated on a weekly or daily basis. This will reflect all the works in progress, whether the tasks are meeting its allotted deadline. This will keep the business units heads constantly alert about the progress of the tasks. Appropriate actions can be immediately adopted if the deadlines are not being met. Conclusion The futuristic business model that the business follows has the essence of creating new ideas in its products. The ability of the business to be successful and have sustained market share the use of the innovation is been competently used by the business. The development of Individual employees as well as introduction of knowledge management interventions are been frequently used to keep the people in business at par with the evolving technological inputs. This has made the business acquire the needed impetus to be a futuristic innovation driven firm. All these strategies have worked well for Apple Inc so far. Now, in order to secure a competitive position for itself in future and grow well above its competitors, Apple must go for further expansion of its business such as the adopting the recommended strategy. This will not be a very risky venture for Apple as it already built a good competitive advantage for itself in the market. Recommendation The recommendations that the business may incorporate in is folds for improvement has to be such that aids and directs its futuristic business aspirations. The business of Apple may incorporate a variety of product related specifications and use the same to attract ideas about the utility and identify the faults in such a product. Hence the idea of the product qualities can be assessed prior to the launch. Further, the recommendation of using feedback collection media is another aspect of rectification of the product fault or idea inclusion. So the business may utilize social media to generate ideas and thus use them there product design. Nevertheless, the other suggestion is that the business has to continuously monitor the competitors so that the strategic plans for competitive market share development are well formulated. The target market for Apple has to be diverse. Otherwise it will not be able make a strong position in the market. They must focus towards the college and university students. They will comprise a significant portion of the market share of Apple. The college and the University students will use the products like Mac Book, iPad and iPhones. They require the devices to organize the notes and college assignments. They will comprise a potential section of the target market. Apple has to attract this section of the market so that the other companies like Samsung and Chinese companies will destroy the market share of Apple. Samsung has coming up with new strategies to capture the target market. The products of Samsung are targeted towards the lower middle class, middle class as well as upper class of the society. They comprise of larger section of the market. The market share of Apple can be captured by Samsung in the near future. In order to surpass the situation, Apple has to revise its pricing strategy so reach out to larger section of the market. The prices of the products of Apple are too high to afford for the middle class section of the society. The Asian mobile phone companies are catching up really fast. Thus Apple has to redefine their rules so that they can reach out to wider section of the society. Apple makes huge investment for the development of technology. They should invest more in marketing their devices so that it can reach out to wider audiences. Apple can expand its business by potential mergers and acquisitions. The other big companies like Google and Nokia have entered into tie up with large organizations to expand their business. Google has entered into tie up with Android and then it has acquired Motorola. Nokia has tied up with Microsoft to expand their business. Thus Apple must expand their business to maintain and expand their market share. It might target the market of the Japanese consumer electronics. It will acquire Sony to maintain their market share. Apple can venture into other segments and launch new electronic products like television, music system. They can launch Apple TV to move into other segments of the market. The diversification of the product of Apple will increase the market share of Apple. Apple can expand its business and enter the market of digital ecosystem that has been already created by Apple. Thus Apple can make its products available for the customers to enhance their lifestyle and meet the need of the end users. Apple has to continue to play the changing game. There are opening for Apple to explore the market. It can explore the market by launching new products and constantly reinventing its strategies. They can launch new products like the media devices and video devices to expand their business. Since Apple makes huge investments in RD, they can combine innovation with investment in RD to expand their market. Reference Bijapurkar, R. (2011).Customer in the Boardroom?. New Delhi: SAGE India. Bontje, M., Musterd, S. and Pelzer, P. (2011).Inventive city-regions.Farnham, England: Ashgate. Boyle, R. and Fleming, S. (2000).The role of strategy statements. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration. Budnikas, A. (2010). Apple Inc. Business Policy v. Competition Law. SSRN Journal. Campbell, D., Edgar, D. and Stonehouse, G. (2011).Business strategy.Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Dawson, J., Larke, R. and Mukoyama, M. (2006).Strategic issues in international retailing. London: Routledge. 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Learning and Communicating Online Collaborative Learning

Question: Discuss what you have learnt about finding, using and evaluating online sources for academic communicationa? Answer: Internet and online resources have become catalysts for the contemporary learning style which is paving paths innovative learning opportunities and problem solving techniques (Macdonald, 2003). Collaborative online learning is a methodology to capitalize the sharing of innovative ideas over a platform for distributing the roles systematically. The online collaborative learning approach is suitable in the sense of idea formation, resource utilization, strategy evaluation, time utilization etc. Virtual classrooms and virtual space can aid in creating a network of students over the online portal. The unprecedented levels of informational technology and skills have made the signature for new tech savvy generation (Smith, 1992). There is a learning revolution empowered by online communication portals. Some examples of the credible online tools for collaborative learning are MERLOT expanded as Multimedia Educational Resource for Leaning Online Teaching is a resource providing links to online materials in plethora of subjects. Various other portals provide research papers of IEEE and other platforms giving accountable storehouse of information. CLOE, Cooperative Learning Object Exchange is a collaborative project taken up by universities to develop resources that are multimedia rich in nature and are available freely for use in the course teaching and learning purposes. INFOMINE is basically a portal for virtual library of resources relevant to students, faculty, and staff at the level of university. It is a storehouse of electronic journals, databases, electronic books, articles, directories, bulletin boards, online library card catalogs, research papers, mailing lists (Warschauer, 1997) etc. HorizonLive is a leading provider and platform for synchronous frameworks supporting live and web based collaboration under e learning including the features of web conferencing and interactive webcasts. Real time and web based communications can be made effective with its use. The biggest controversies of the time is to judge the credibility of the internet or online resource present for learning and study purposes. The learners and collaborative societies must have a critical eye to filter the credible resources (Metzger, 2010) and refer them for future study purposes. Most important aspect to consider is the evidence about the authority, knowledge, qualifications and credentials of the author publishing a particular piece of information. Second stage is to authenticate the organization associated with it along with certifications and reviews (Hilligoss, 2008). The author must have peer reviews for credential information sources. The information providing links and the online collaborative portals or libraries should be up to date to avoid any kind of discrepancies in the credible data. There must be a complete list of citations along with page numbers explicitly mentioned. The perspectives of the authors must not be generally biased and must specifically clarify the goals and presenting a fair focus over the topic mentioned. Internal links are preferable in a credential and authentic resource so as to focus over the attention of the author over the potential needs of a reader or a beginner in that subject. There are certain checkpoints that need to be kept in mind in the process of evaluation of the credibility of the source such as the type of source, date of publishing, the sources cited for its reference, objectivity and clarity, the background of the author (Brown, 2007) etc. Perceived credibility is the sum total of perceived trustworthiness along with perceived expertise (Greer, 2003). Incorporation of social validation, online trustees, and some of the profile based websites is the first step in the path of credible evaluation of online information. Online resources for a collaborative study is are escalating the level of competence and intellect among the users who can collaborate and learn together even after being thousand miles apart. Online learning predominantly includes self learning or training but this independent work can be transformed into collaborative form to play a valuable role in the process of learning. Shared understanding for a collaborative learning platform is far better than just merely sharing information and therefore, online collaborative portals promote shared understanding by creating a virtual space. Online learning helps in providing a sense of reflection and thinking, promoting differential learning options, the ability to bring people together by connecting them over a common platform etc. There are some of the attributes of online collaborative learning like group dialog, knowledge development, presentation of acquired knowledge and computer mediated communication (Curtis, 2001). Web 2.0 have revolutionized the outlook of collaborative learning by providing unimaginable levels of framework and environment to support collaborative learning. There have been development of free and user f riendly tools for promoting collaborative online learning. The portal is for co-creation of knowledge (Reeves, 2004) rather than just sharing and disseminating. The assessment of the philosophy behind online learning was based over the degree of knowledge construction, willingness of stakeholders to invest further in planning, designing, modelling, implementing and monitoring the necessary, scope of synchronous and asynchronous forms of communication in an online community (Stacey, 2007), innovation of new tools and methodologies in the same field, development of a clear rubrics for collaborative learning model etc. The stages of computer aided collaborative learning are communication, collaboration, cooperation, and community development. On one hand there are plethora of benefits leveraged out of online collaborative learning but on the same time there is a shady side too attached with it. Collaborative learning is one of the most economical way of leaning and sharing information in addition with provision of innovation. There is an escalated level of responsiveness as more number of resources can be used by the group as a whole. There will be an increased expertise in the group and every individual can gain something from it. With better decision making a lean learning model can be adopted with minimization of waste (Palloff, 1999) so as to get understanding of a broader picture of the changing and dynamic learning environments. In addition to access to a rich content and information storehouse, online collaborative learning groups provide an opportunity to connect and interact with the peers so as to maintain and uphold the level of intellect of the group. Instead of being passive receptors of knowledge and informa tion, learners are active participants in the whole process of learning (Redmond, 2006). In addition to creating a positive learning outcome in the academic background there have been affective, social and ethical escalation from the process of learning. It is a tool for promoting critical thinking skills by active participation, modelling of appropriate problem solving technique, personalization of lectures and tutorials (McAlpine, 2000) and motivation of the whole group under collaborative learning. There is a comprehensive and collaborative development of social support system by building diversity and creating a positive atmosphere for participation and cooperation.in addition there are psychological benefits too that is concerned with reduction of anxiety, development of self esteem and positive attitude etc. With the virtual nature of discussion and communication boards, students tend to be more democratic and free to express their views and thoughts by sharing it with everyon e who requires them. Many a times there is a lack of flexible implementation strategy that kills the uniqueness of every individual and their level of understanding, grasping or learning. There are some point of times in the whole process of collaborative online learning where the decision making can become protracted or complex and a coherent decision (Thorpe, 2002) is far from the sight. This can happen because of lack of a direct form of communication which is taking place just in the virtual space. The quantity and quality of interactivity can vary to a greater limit from one environment to another. One of the great disadvantage is to rely on any individual for information sharing as there is no such proof for the authenticity and credibility of the sources. Therefore, special care should be taken towards verifying the credibility of the sources of shared information. There is a possibility of escalation of faux leaders (Oliver, 1999) within the group to create more tension and complexity in the grou p. Computer aided collaborative learning should be considered as the panacea of every situation and condition of learning environment. Another aspect is the difficulty in evaluation of the online learning or collaborative group learning as it rises problems for the tutors and the instructors. There can be sometimes uneven distribution of workload and some individuals may get stressed with this form of implementation. Self centered and individual research is abandoned in this model and framework of study as it more likely generalize the diversity of interests (So, 2009) and the ability to produce uniqueness in the knowledge sharing. Artificial discussions are unable to create a holistic impact every time and hence the influential nature of the online learning may be suppressed (Fung*, 2004) by the overpowering nature of the knowledge and the bulk of information having various links to the other websites which may prove to be cumbersome. Therefore, online collaborative learning portals are the future for the 21st century and computer aided learning is becoming the buzzword for todays generation. E learning environments are on a hike and critical thinking is enhanced and refined with fast paced transparent learning frameworks. Modelling of such techniques will lead to a bright future and global competitive environments. There will be social, cognitive, psychological, intellectual and every form of growth and development by overcoming all the challenges. References 1. Macdonald, J. (2003). Assessing online collaborative learning: process and product. Computers Education, 40(4), 377-391.2. Smith, B. L., MacGregor, J. T. (1992). What is collaborative learning?.3. Warschauer, M. (1997). Computerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ mediated collaborative learning: Theory and practice. The Modern Language Journal, 81(4), 470-481.4. Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J., Medders, R. B. (2010). Social and heuristic approaches to credibility evaluation online. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 413-439.5. Metzger, M. J. (2007). Making sense of credibility on the Web: Models for evaluating online information and recommendations for future research. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(13), 2078-2091.6. Hilligoss, B., Rieh, S. Y. (2008). Developing a unifying framework of credibility assessment: Construct, heuristics, and interaction in context.Information Processing Management, 44(4), 1467-1484.7. Brown, J., Broderick, A. J., Lee, N. (2007 ). Word of mouth communication within online communities: Conceptualizing the online social network. Journal of interactive marketing, 21(3), 2-20.8. Greer, J. D. (2003). Evaluating the credibility of online information: A test of source and advertising influence. Mass Communication and Society, 6(1), 11-28.9. Curtis, D. D., Lawson, M. J. (2001). Exploring collaborative online learning.Journal of Asynchronous learning networks, 5(1), 21-34.10. Reeves, T. C., Herrington, J., Oliver, R. (2004). A development research agenda for online collaborative learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 52(4), 53-65.11. Stacey, E. (2007). Collaborative learning in an online environment. International Journal of E-Learning Distance Education, 14(2), 14-33.12. Palloff, R. M., Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace(Vol. 99). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.13. Redmond, P., Lock, J. V. (2006). A flexible framework for online collaborative learning. The Internet a nd Higher Education, 9(4), 267-276.14. McAlpine, I. (2000). Collaborative learning online. Distance Education, 21(1), 66-80.15. Thorpe, M. (2002). Rethinking learner support: The challenge of collaborative online learning. Open learning, 17(2), 105-119.16. Oliver, R. (1999). Exploring strategies for online teaching and learning. Distance Education, 20(2), 240-254.17. So, H. J. (2009). When groups decide to use asynchronous online discussions: collaborative learning and social presence under a voluntary participation structure. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 25(2), 143-160.18. Fung*, Y. Y. (2004). Collaborative online learning: Interaction patterns and limiting factors. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning,19(2), 135-149.